The restricted housing supply in Pakistan has been compounded by rapid urbanisation in recent decades, leading to a current nationwide shortage of 12 million homes. Approximately 40% of the urban population resides in informal settlements, with inhabitants experiencing heightened vulnerability to climate change-related events such as global temperature rises. In these instances, even otherwise durable, standard constructed homes in Pakistan offer little
resistance to increased heat, seismic activity, air pollution, or flooding, which, in turn, increases poor health and adverse safety outcomes. In urban areas, rising temperatures are further compounded by the urban heat island (UHI) effect, whereby developments absorb and re-emit the sun’s rays, increasing heat levels further